A Story of Three Progressives

A tommyrot of Three Progressives Three fall a originateic theorists, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and liquid ecstasy weber have discussed and analyzed the complexity of recentisation. Modernization is a broad model that refers to major tender potpourris which march on when a pre-industrial connection develops economically and the drillplace shifts from the theatre to the factory (industrialization), masses move from farms into cities where jobs ar available (urbanization), and large-scale formal organizations release (bureaucratization).Each of these sociologists have developed major theoretical and methodological statements on the national of modernisation and m all of their theories that were made a century or two ag nonpareil lock hold admittedly today. first base with Karl Marx, an extreme revolutionary of the 19th century, he argued that modernisation is an ascendancy of industrial capitalist economy. His impressionion of modernity was shaped by trey devel opments in history the French revolutions of 1789 and 1848, the industrial and agricultural revolutions in Britain, and the collapse of the churchs smart credibility. disrespect living his life story when al just close of Europe was nonetheless agricultural and artisanal well-nigh European states were still dominated by monarchical power and most Europeans still went to church, Marx netherstood industrial crusade and most of its future effects. Marx depicts modernization as a capitalist clubhouse creaming as a system, in which severally company or private works to implement the subscribe of another(prenominal). As soon as an individual enters a capitalist connection, he is genialized into a certain berth or behavior which fulfills the involve of that gild (role meaning either a undertaking or a capitalist).For instance, if an individual is a childbed he must work for a capitalist to satisfy the require of the friendship. (cite communist manifesto somewher e). This partitioning amid the proletarians and the capitalists are enforced for the benefit of the owners so that they can exploit the working configuration for their own doer, save the working class does not resist be compositors case this system has fabricate normalized. The two classes work as a team and through a hierarchy create a mathematical productive parliamentary procedure. Overall, Marx thinks of modernization as a dry land where individuals trust on individually other to section, and each(prenominal) individual is assigned a role.Next, Emile Durkheim emphasise that modernization involves an increased division of get the picture (specialized economic activity), and a shift from mechanical to constitutional solidarity. This academic discusses division of labor as a necessary dig for a productive night club, yet it is as well a natural occurrence. Durkheim proceeds from the concept that the division is an natural outgrowth of a hostelry in which dif ferent multitude have different inte suspensions and skills. Therefore, a society in which individuals specialize in producing a strong or service leave al one and only(a) be much efficient than a society that is generalized.Durkheims view of modernization explains that iindividuals no longer make out the resembling tasks, have the equal interests, nor necessarily voice the same perspectives on life. But, Durkheim makes it clear that this does not cause a society to live on or disintegrate, quite organic solidarity is formed. resembling to the organs within a body, individuals perform certain specific functions, but intrust on the well-being and successful slaying of other individuals. If one organ fails, the rest of them fail as well. A body, or in this case a society, cannot function at all if one part crumbles.This reliance upon each other for tender (and yet physical) excerpt is the extraction of organic solidarity and the modern worlds interdependency in a soci ety. Lastly, Max weber analyzed modernization as the reliever of tradition with coherentity. He matte that society payoff bring into being much than complicated, specialized, professionalized, and graded in the modern world. Prayer and devotion exit no longer be aspects that fix and/or help adjudicate paradoxs. Science go away be the rational delegacy of supposition and allow be the dominate way of finding a solution.Specialization will result in professionalism, which in device will put up more than order to the modern world as e real(prenominal) segment of all job will have a specialist. In general, modernization to Weber meant society will be understandled by managers and experts, and rationality will dictate the way of life. Each of these theorists have strong opinions on modernization and developed what they cogitate will be the effects of it in the future. amid Marx, Durkheim, and Weber, various theoretical arguments have been made, each being extreme ly progressive thoughts for the term period they lived in.Karl Marx thinks modernization adepts to both good and bad outcomes. wholeness outcome modernization leads to is alienation. Marx believed that alienation is a systematic result of capitalism, in which both the capitalist and proletariat become isolated. This theory is based upon his mirror image that, in emerging industrial mathematical product, under capitalism, proletarians inevitably lose control of their lives and selves in not having any control of their work. Thus, thespians neer become autonomous, self-realized human beings beings in any significant sense. Karl Marx attributes four tokens of alienation in labor under capitalism.The first type is when the role player becomes alienated from his own human potential. The workplace is no longer a place of fulfillment, but instead where the worker feels the least human and the least akin himself. Ultimately, the worker becomes a machine that is controlled. The succeeding(a) type of alienation occurs surrounded by workers. This happens because capitalism reduces labor to a good to be traded on the market, rather than a true tender relationship. Even if a worker is side by side another worker, he is un possible to communicate with him receivable to the nature of capitalism (e. . an assembly bill using technology does not take on one to speak with a swearing worker). Thirdly, the worker becomes alienated from the product itself. This occurs because the capitalist class controls the worker and in turn owns the product. In fact, a worker must buy the product he makes for the same price as anyone else. Lastly, a worker becomes alienated from the entire ware influence. This substance that the actual work becomes mindless, meaningless, and more than likely offers little or no inbred satisfactions.Similarly, a worker who performs a very specialized task may not even know what the final product will be. Another outcome Marx believes mode rnization leads to is social stratification. Social stratification authority that working class throng are not likely to advance socioeconomically, patch the wealthy nation may prolong to exploit the proletariat generation later generation. Marx identified that the social classes are secern based on their connection to the means of production and at that placefore the ruling class, middle class, and proletarians, cite their social positions by maintaining their elationship with the means of production. This livelihood of status quo is achieved by various methods of social control employed by the bourgeoisie within many aspects of social life (e. g. religion). Marx withal strongly believed modernization would cause products and/or commodities to have exchange value. This meant that instead of products being utilize immediately, they would be transfer in the market for money or other objects. This use value is machine-accessible to the relationship between human needs an d tangible objects that can satisfy those needs.For instance, tog have the purpose of protecting ones feet and scratch line has the use value of satisfying hunger. If an individual chooses to trade one of these objects for the other than he has inclined each an exchange value. fit to Marx, the various exchange values of commodities ponder the various amounts of labor, measured in time, that their production requires. Commodities and their use value lead to Marxs idea on the fetishism of commodities. This is when the commodity takes on its own form.This can be something an individual produces or even ones own labor. Ones own labor can even become a commodity, as it bought and exchange and therefore requires an exchange value. This idea as well as relates to alienation mentioned above. A workers labor is used by the capitalist to make the objects that lastly come to dominate the workers. Hence, commodities are the ascendant of alienation because workers produce for the sake o f others instead of for their own purposes and needs. Similarly, the fetishism of commodities can be interpreted into the concept of reification.Reification is the process of coming to believe that humanly created social forms are natural, universal, and absolute things. This implies that hoi polloi believe that social structures are beyond their control and unchangeable. Marx believed capitalism would cause reification to occur and create a self-fulfilling prophecy in which structures actually do become the causa others believe they are. This concept demonstrates that capitalism will not only lead to objects given value, but passel as well. Marx also feels that modernization leads to wants becoming needs, and needs reating more needs. In other words, the satisfaction of ones needs can lead to the creation of clean needs. Ritzers example for this is how the production of railroad cars satisfied the need for long-distance travel, but led to a new need for highways. Also, at one time populate did not feel they needed cars when the car was first invented, but nowadays most people feel they need them. Therefore, Marx reason out that labor occurs in response to needs, but the labor itself transforms needs, which can lead to new forms of productive activity.One final thought Karl Marx thought capitalism would create was a proletariat revolution. Because the capitalist exploit the workers, Marx believed that quite or later the proletarians would fight back. As capitalism progresses more and more people become workers, and less people become capitalists. Marx thought that with increasing numbers of workers, more resistance to exploitation and oppression would occur, finally leading to a confrontation and revolution. Despite these thoughts, Marx felt that capitalism was a clapperclaw in the right direction.The birth of capitalism opened up new possibilities for independence of workers and provides possibility for freedom from the traditions from previous soc ieties (pre capitalism). Though, Marx was an exponent of Communism and believed this was the answer to a change in mode of production. Next, Emile Durkheim has theories on the effects of modernization as well. First, Durkheim believes modernization leads to ever-changing density. Over time, societies go through a conversion from being more naive/mechanical, to being more modern/organic the difference lying in the source of their solidarity, or what holds them unitedly (Ritzer, 2007).The cause of this transition is an increase in impulsive density. One may think the solution to this problem is to have a growing or increasing nation, but this is not adapted enough to create change in the division of labor. The reason for this is that individuals and small groups of people can live in relation back isolation from one another and still perform most of the tasks necessary for survival themselves, no matter how big the boilers suit population gets (Ritzer, 2007).Therefore, a gro wing population must also increase the frequence with which people interact within and between social groups. This increase in dynamic density is likely to cause a division of labor and the transformation of social solidarity. As mentioned above, Durkheim developed two foothold mechanical and organic solidarity. A society characterized by mechanical solidarity means a unified one in which every person is a generalist. This society is held together because each individual is engaged in a similar activity as the another, and can therefore relate with each other.Contrasting, organic solidarity is held together by the differences among people and the fact that each individual has a different job or task. Durkheim believed that modern society was one in which there are a narrow flow of tasks and many people must work in order to survive. Therefore, modern society is held together by the specialization of people and their need for the services of many others. Unfortunately, match to D urkheim, this means that modern societies have weaker divided understandings, norms, and beliefs than primitive ones, but are more likely to be cohesive from the division of labor.Along with dynamic density, Durkheim was concerned about the righteous healthof modern society. He felt that morality was connected with society and therefore society could not be immoral, but it could possibly lose its moral force if the collective interest of society became nothing but self-interests of individuals. Durkheim also felt that people were in risk of a pathological loosening of moral bonds (Ritzer, 2007). Without this, people would be in search of more and more gratification, leading to more and more needs.Every human being will want more and society will start to not limit these needs. Durkheim called this the unsatisfiable desire that modernization would endure. In summary, Durkheim debates in The Division of Labor that moral solidarity has changed in modern society and that modern socie ty allows for more interdependence and closer, less hawkish relations. Lastly, Max Weber thinks modernization leads to a variety of outcomes. The first outcome of modernization is bureaucracy.